Standard
HS.H2.4: Compare causes and effects of isolationism and globalism

Learning Target
I am developing my understanding of how political and economic systems impact the needs of individuals.

​Instructions
Create a Graphic Organizer - pictured below
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After making your Graphic Organizer - On  the back create a Venn Diagram and fill it in with the information from this link - Differences Between Colonialism and Imperialism - pictured below
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Second, read summarize the Western Imperialism in Africa, below, in your Graphic Organizer. Put the information in your own words showing your understanding.

Western Imperialism in Africa - Parts 1 and 2

Three Causes of the new Imperialism
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1. Economic interests - The  Industrial Revolution created demands that spurred overseas expansion, manufacturers wanted access to natural resources  e.g. rubber, petroleum, manganese for steel, palm oil for machinery  and hoped for new markets where they could sell their factory goods. Colonies offered a valuable outlet for Europe's growing population
2. Political and military interests - European merchant ships, military naval vessels needed bases around the world to take on coal and supplies. Industrial powers seized strategically  valuable islands and harbors. In addition, national prestige became important as Western leaders claimed ruling a global empire was needed for national security and Great Power status.
3. Social and cultural interests - Belief in Social Darwinism - many Westerners believed in their racial superiority, white supremacy,  the idea that Europeans were superior to all others. Imperial conquest/destruction of weaker races was nature's way of improving the human species.​ White Supremacy goals were disguised as Humanitarian goals - missionaries, doctors, colonial officials believed they had a duty to spread western civilization (medicine, law, Christianity...  football, golf and cricket)

The Success of Western Imperialism - 1870-1914
Imperialist nations gained control over much of the world - reasons for their success:
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1. Weakness of Non-Western States - older civilizations were in decline (Ottoman Middle East, Mughal India, Qing China) and in West Africa, slave trade undermined empires, kingdoms, and city-states
2. Western Advantages: strong industrial economies, well-organized governments with powerful militaries (see battle of Rorke's Drift 1879 below) and superior technology, medical advances (for example: quinine - medicine to fight malaria) and rifles, Maxim gun - early machine gun.

Forms of Imperial Rule

1. Colonies  (a) direct rule - officials & soldiers sent to administer colonies (French) (b) indirect rule - sultans, chiefs, other local rulers were encouraged to get education in home country to become westernized (British)
2. Protectorates - local rulers left in place but were expected to follow advice of European advisers. Cheaper than running a colony.
3. Spheres of Influence - areas in which outside powers claimed exclusive investment or trading privileges. This form of economic imperialism did not necessarily involve any direct political or military control and the motivation may have lacked any social or cultural dimension. But over time governments were often forced into supporting (militarily) national economic interests and the cultural and social consequences of this economic trade might be as profound as anything resulting from direct political rule e.g. football in south America. This film about the British in Argentina is an example of a British sphere of influence. (Europeans also created them in China and the U.S.A. in Latin America)

​​Berlin Conference 1884-85

Belgian King Leopold II hired Henry Stanley to explore the Congo River basin and to arrange trade treaties with African leaders. He hoped for conquest and profit and his activities in the Congo set off a rush (scramble) by other European nations to acquire territories in Africa.

The European powers met to decide how to carve up Africa - no Africans were invited. They recognised Leopold’s claim to the Congo Free State but called for free trade on Congo and Niger rivers. It was agreed that no European powers couldn't claim any part of Africa without first setting up a government office there.

​Within 20 years, most of the continent had been partitioned by European powers:

• The Congo - The people of the Congo were exploited as forced laborer's, as were its natural resources (copper, rubber, ivory).
• French Expansion -  From the 1830s France set out conquer Algeria  in the late 1800s Tunisia came under French control, as did much of West and Central Africa. French empire was the size of continental U.S.A.
• The British took the Cape Colony from the Dutch – Boers (Dutch settlers) moved north - where they found gold and diamonds. In 1882, Britain established a protectorate over Egypt.
• Portugal established colonies in Angola and Mozambique.
• Italy took control of Libya, Italian Somaliland, and Eritrea, which is the north-most province of Ethiopia, near the Red Sea. Italy’s efforts to gain control of Ethiopia ended in bitter defeat. (Important for later study of Mussolini's Italy)
• Germany takes lands in eastern and southwestern Africa for its “place in the sun.” 

Source - International School History - Lessons 2 & 3